Previous targeted methylation efforts leveraged naturally occurring epialleles from Arabidopsis that affect flowering time 18, 19. In plants, the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway is responsible for establishing de novo 5-methylcytosine methylation. In eukaryotes, cytosine DNA methylation is an important mechanism of epigenetic gene regulation 17. Because TAL binding can be inhibited by DNA methylation 15, 16, we hypothesized that targeting methylation to a TAL effector binding site would block induction of the S gene and result in increased resistance as measured by decreased disease symptoms. Epigenomic modifications can also influence gene expression. Previous research demonstrated that gene editing can be used to prevent the exploitation of S genes by pathogens and that this results in increased resistance 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Plant pathogenic bacteria within the Xanthomonas and Ralstonia genera express transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors that activate transcription of S genes by recognizing and binding specific, largely predictable, promoter sequences (effector binding elements, EBEs) within the host genome 4, 6, 7, 8, 9. In many cases, pathogens actively upregulate expression of S genes during infection. However, mutating these loci may have negative consequences as these genes are often necessary for normal plant growth and reproductive development 2, 3, 4, 5. 10.1371/ ( S) genes present a liability within a host genome, as their exploitation is a common mechanism used by diverse classes of pathogens 1. Genome-wide analysis of the bZIP gene family identifies two ABI5-like bZIP transcription factors, BrABI5a and BrABI5b, as positive modulators of ABA signalling in Chinese cabbage. The Phaseolus vulgaris ZIP gene family: identification, characterization, mapping, and gene expression. Differential expression of four soybean bZIP genes during Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection. Plant bZIP transcription factors responsive to pathogens: a review. Genome wide identification of orthologous ZIP genes associated with zinc and iron translocation in Setaria italica. Taken together, this study highlights the positive role of MebZIP3 and MebZIP5 in disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight for further utilization in genetic improvement of cassava disease resistance.īasic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor cassava (Manihot esculenta) cassava bacterial blight disease resistance virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS).Īlagarasan G., Dubey M., Aswathy K. On the contrary, MebZIP3- and MebZIP5-silenced plants by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed disease sensitive phenotype, lower transcript levels of defense-related genes and less callose depositions. Through overexpression in tobacco, we found that MebZIP3 and MebZIP5 conferred improved disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight, with more callose depositions. Subcellular localization analysis showed that MebZIP3 and MebZIP5 are specifically located in cell nucleus. manihotis ( Xam), salicylic acid (SA), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). Gene expression analysis indicated that MebZIP3 and MebZIP5 were commonly regulated by flg22, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern and the function of two MebZIPs ( MebZIP3 and MebZIP5) in response to pathogen infection. Although 77 MebZIPs have been genome-wide identified in cassava, their in vivo roles remain unknown. Basic domain-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, one type of conserved gene family, plays an important role in plant development and stress responses.
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